Insights in Animal Science is an international, peer-reviewed journal publishing original research, reviews, and case studies on animal biology, welfare, behavior, nutrition, and health. The journal aims to disseminate knowledge and advancements in animal science to improve animal production, health, and well-being.
Physiological and Behavioral Indicators of Welfare in Broiler and Noiler Chicken Strains Raised in a Semi-Arid Environment
This study evaluated two broiler strains (Marshall and Cobb 500) and an indigenous improved dual-purpose (Noiler) strain for thermotolerance, hematological indices, serum metabolites, and behavioral traits. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate models, including a linear mixed model, one-way ANOVA and an ordinal regression model. Results of the study indicated a significant (p < 0.05) effect of age on physiological variables but not strain. Similarly, WBC was higher in Cobb 500 birds than Noiler chickens (p < 0.05). Conversely, ALP and urea were higher in Noiler than in the exotic strains, whereas enzyme activity had a nuanced pattern among the study strains. In the same vein, Marshall and Noiler chickens spent more time moving around the pen and sawdust bathing compared to Cobb 500 (p < 0.05). There was a higher number of Noiler birds touchable (χ2 = 17.51, p = 0.002), but Cobb 500 birds were less frightened by the grab test (χ2 = 8.76, p = 0.0126). These results indicated a trade-off between productivity and welfare across the three genetic groups, highlighting the importance of balancing genetic selection for production with the preservation of natural behaviors and physiological resilience to foster sustainable poultry welfare in a changing climate and escalating environmental stressors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Mani Isa, Usman Bala Bello, Sani Sani Adamu, Lawal Abdullahi, Abdurrahman Abdussamad Dahiru, Fatima Ayilara Muhyideen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Madagascar Almond (Terminalia mantaly) Leaf Extracts on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens
The study examined the effect of Terminalia mantaly leaf extracts on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood profile of broiler chickens. A total of 105 day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments, with 21 birds per treatment in three replicates of seven birds each. The treatments consisted of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% T. mantaly leaf extracts mixed in drinking water and administered to the birds for 56 days. The measured parameters comprised initial and final weights, total and average daily weight gain, total and average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, as well as haematological and serum biochemical indices of the broilers. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that birds receiving 0.5% T. mantaly extract had significantly higher total weight gain and average daily weight gain compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was highest in the 0.5% treatment group. Carcass evaluation indicated significant differences in liver and small intestine weights among the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The haematological profile showed significant treatment-related effects (p < 0.05). Specifically, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration varied significantly among groups. Analysis of serum biochemistry identified significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments for globulin, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein. The study concludes that T. mantaly leaf extract, administered at a 0.5% inclusion level, improved growth performance without adverse effects on organ health, suggesting its potential as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics in broiler production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ugwuowo Leonard Chidi, Ugwumba Chijioke Isaac, Ezechukwu Nnamdi Izuchukwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Garlic (Allium sativum) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Meal on the Duodenal Histomorphology of Rabbit Bucks
This study assessed the impact of garlic and neem leaf supplementation on the histomorphology of the intestinal structure of rabbits over a 48-day feeding trial. Twenty-four mature rabbit bucks with an average weight of 3.2 kg from three breeds (New Zealand White, White Chinchilla, and Dutch) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each with six rabbits in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Four diets were formulated to meet the nutritional needs of rabbits, with supplementation at 0% (control, CON), 5% garlic (G5), 5% neem leaf (N5), and a combination of 2.5% garlic and 2.5% neem leaf (GN2.5). At the end of the feeding trial, sections of the duodenum were collected, processed, and examined histologically to evaluate villus height, crypt depth, villus-to-crypt ratio, and mucosal thickness, Histological analysis revealed variations in villus height and crypt depth across dietary treatments, with rabbits in the combined garlic and neem leaf group GN2.5 (p < 0.05) showing improved villus surface area and villus-to-crypt length ratio compared to other groups. The G5 and GN2.5 groups also exhibited enhanced mucosal thickness, indicating potential benefits for nutrient absorption and gut health. No significant lesions or adverse histological changes were observed in any treatment group, suggesting the safety of garlic and neem leaf as dietary supplements in rabbits. It was concluded that both garlic and neem leaf can be beneficial as natural additives for improving gut morphology in rabbits but cannot be used in high percentages.
Copyright (c) 2026 O. M. Ejivade, K. C. Odibe, E. O. Oladejo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Single-Cell Omics in Animal Reproductive Biology: A Cellular and Molecular Atlas Across Developmental Stages
The cutting-edge technologies of single-cell omics have revolutionized the study of animal reproduction, enabling the visualization of cellular and molecular domains in organisms during various growth stages. This review presents a conceptual framework grounded in the latest developments from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq), spatial transcriptomics, and multi-omics approaches applied to the reproductive organs of livestock and model species. Technologies survey molecular types of the cell, the course of transcription, chromatin accessibility, and regulatory networks for specific tissues in the development of gonads, gametogenesis, and embryo formation. In comparative analysis, both common and species-specific characteristics have been identified in models of cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and avian species. This has made them a valuable resource for the development of trait-based breeding protocols. We discuss how single-cell data are being integrated with genomic selection frameworks to enhance fertility prediction and assisted reproduction strategies, leading to improvements in artificial insemination and reproductive disease modelling. The rapid evolution of protocols and tools has enabled the livestock science field to expand the use of these technologies, despite technical and computational challenges such as tissue dissociation bias, genome annotation gaps, and data complexity. The livestock science sector, therefore, is experiencing the broad adoption of single-cell differentials not just in the transformation of reproductive science but also in practical decision-making guidance for the new generation of animal breeding and fertility management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamran Ahmad Nasir, Sohaib Khan, Hassan Abbas, Kashif Raza Zaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Feeding Low-Energy Diet Improves Broiler Productivity Index of Chickens Reared under Semi-Arid Environment
This objective of the study was to investigate the effects of season and energy levels on the broiler productivity index (BPI) in the semi-arid environment. The study was conducted in three different seasons (hot, rainy and cold seasons). A total of 2,025 boiler chickens comprising three strains (Arbor Acre, Marshall and Hubbard) were used. Of this, 675 were used per season, with 225 birds from each strain. The birds were fed diets containing three energy levels: low (LE), medium (ME), and high (HE). Temperature-humidity index (THI) of the seasons was computed to characterize the thermal comfort of the chickens across the seasons. Results indicated that the chickens were reared under severe heat stress (THI > 30), moderate heat stress (THI 27.8–28.8), and thermo-neutral conditions (THI < 27.8) during the hot, rainy, and cold seasons, respectively. Additionally, energy level and season significantly affected the BPI of the chickens (p < 0.05). Birds fed the LE diet had a higher BPI than those fed the other energy levels. Furthermore, birds reared during the cold season exhibited a higher BPI than those reared in the other seasons. Therefore, feeding the LE diet improved the BPI of birds across all seasons.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliyu Sa'adu, Aminu Abubakar, Adamu Mani Isa, Nafi’u Lawal, Bello Bunza Abubakar, Bello Musa Bodinga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solid-State Fermentation of Fruit Pomace and its Effects on Broiler Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Gut Health: A Review
The food and beverage industry generates a significant amount of fruit waste, especially in the form of peels, seeds, and various components of fruit pomace. The mismanagement of fruit pomace, particularly when dumped in landfills, poses significant health and environmental risks. Therefore, it is crucial to redirect these byproducts to productive applications, such as broiler nutrition, where they have substantial potential to contribute to reducing feeding costs. The pomace is, however, often unsuitable as broiler feed ingredients due to their high crude fiber and tannin contents. In recent years, solid state fermentation (SSF) with bacteria, fungi, and yeast has been applied to valorize pomace through breaking down complex materials into simpler, more digestible compounds, enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients, and boosting the antioxidant activity. It is envisaged that the utilization of fruit pomace as broiler feed ingredients is expected to alleviate pressure on conventional feed ingredients, optimize broiler production systems, and promote both environmental and economic sustainability. This review aims to gather supporting evidence on the applicability and potential of SSF of fruit pomace, as well as the impact of the resulting fermented fruit pomace on broiler nutrition, focusing on growth performance metrics, meat quality attributes, and gut health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pride Hodzi, Tonderai Mutibvu, Soul Washaya, Godfrey Bernard Nyamushamba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solid-State Fermentation of Crop Residues and Agro-Industrial Byproducts in Small Ruminant Production: A Review
The increasing competition for major feed ingredients such as maize due to world crisis, caused by the high cost and scarcity of these conventional feed ingredients due to climate changes have necessitated the exploration of indigestible alternative feed resources for sustainable small ruminant production. Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products (AIBPs) are highly abundant, cost-effective, and readily available feed options that can enhance livestock production while minimizing environmental waste. This systematic review evaluates the nutritive effects, physiological responses, and reproductive parameters associated with the inclusion of crop residues and AIBPs in small ruminant diets. The review synthesizes findings from various studies, highlighting their impact on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance, haematological and biochemical indices, reproductive efficiency, and overall productivity. While these alternative feed resources can improve nutrient availability and animal performance, challenges such as anti-nutritional factors and variability in nutrient composition must be addressed through appropriate processing techniques. The findings suggest adequate utilization of crop residues and AIBPs, alongside suitable supplementation, did not necessarily affect the production indices, thereby enhancing small ruminant production, reduce feeding costs, and contribute to sustainable livestock farming as well as decrease the potency for environmental pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel U. Anaso, Joy N. Anaso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Information and Communication Technologies Use in Dairy Farms in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Dairy Farms in Mutasa District in Manicaland Province
This study investigated the adoption, benefits, and challenges of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in dairy farms in the Mutasa District of Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe, utilizing a purposive sample of thirty small-scale and medium- to large-scale farmers. The overall ICT utilization was found to be low, with farmers primarily relying on the mobile phone as the most pervasive tool across all scales. The principal benefit cited was improved financial services, for instance mobile money transfers for milk payments. Despite the potential for improved productivity, the adoption of advanced dairy ICTs and computers was negligible. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in overall ICT usage between the two farming scales. The main constraints to adoption were identified as the high costs of ICTs and a pervasive lack of skills, compounded by infrastructural deficits such as the unavailability of electricity. The study recommends a dedicated focus on providing adequate financing and implementing targeted skills development through community information centers and extension services to promote the uptake of advanced agricultural ICTs.
Information and communication technologies (ICT)
Copyright (c) 2026 Takudzwa Gondo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of Factors Associated with Goat Production in Selected Areas of Anambra State, Nigeria
This study examined the key factors influencing goat production in selected local government areas of Anambra State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed to 100 goat farmers randomly selected from the three locations. Percentage frequency, multiple regression, and chi-square analyses were employed in data analysis. Results indicated that 64% of the respondents were male and 36% female. The predominant breeds raised were West African Dwarf (68%) and Red Sokoto (32%), managed under extensive (50%), semi-intensive (47%), and intensive (3%) systems. About 70% of the respondents had no access to credit, and of those who received (30%), only 7% obtained credit from the bank. A majority (66%) of the respondents had no access to veterinary services, resulting in infrequent vaccination (68%) and prevailing Peste des Petits Ruminants (70%) and foot-and-mouth (25%) diseases. Regression analysis revealed that the production system significantly influenced farmers' income (R² = 34.50%, b = 1.04, p < 0.05), while herd size was primarily affected by production costs (R² = 22.90%, b = 0.26, p < 0.05). Chi-square results indicated that income and production costs were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with gender and location of goat farmers. The study concludes that socio-economic characteristics, breed type, production system, loan access, diseases, veterinary factors and geographical location are critical determinants of income and herd size among goat farmers. Prioritizing these factors is essential for enhancing productivity and economic returns in goat farming in Anambra State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ugwumba Chijioke Isaac, Anthony Francis Awugosi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gross and Histopathological Lesions Associated with Platyhelminth Infections in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) at a Somali Meat Processing Facility
This study aimed to investigate gross and histopathological liver lesions caused by Platyhelminthes in camels slaughtered at a meat processing facility in the Dynile District, Somalia. The investigations were conducted between April and October 2024. A total of 340 slaughtered camels were examined during the study. Among these, 200 camels (58.8%) were found to have liver lesions associated with Platyhelminthes based on both gross post-mortem examination and microscopic histopathological analysis. Gross pathological changes included hepatic swelling (34.5%), yellowish discoloration (27.5%), hemorrhagic lesions (11.5%), bile duct dilation (9.5%), necrosis (7.0%), cirrhosis (5.5%), and exudative lesions (4.5%). Histopathological analysis revealed frequent features such as tissue infiltration (25.5%), lymphocytic infiltration (18.1%), granuloma formation (13.5%), eosinophilic infiltrates (13.0%), necrosis (11.2%), abscess formation (8.3%), inflammation (7.1%), fibrosis (4.2%), and hepatocellular necrosis (2.4%). These findings highlight the pathological burden of platyhelminth infections in camels and underscore the potential zoonotic risks associated with their transmission.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdirahman Barre, Faez F. J. Abdullah, Shafii A. Mohamed, Hamza A. Hashi, Krishnan N. Balakrishnan, Hodan I. Nageye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kitchen Waste: A Sustainable Approach for Backyard Poultry Farming
Backyard poultry farming is an efficient, sustainable, and economical practice in which kitchen waste serves as a key component. Organic kitchen waste can be used to feed poultry, providing nutrients from vegetable scraps, fruit peels, leftover cooked food, and crushed eggshells, thereby reducing reliance on costly commercial feeds. Eggshells, for example, are an excellent source of calcium, which supports bone strength and improves egg production in laying hens. However, inorganic waste such as plastic, glass, and other non-degradable materials must be excluded, as they pose health risks and endanger poultry. Using kitchen waste not only lowers feed costs and improves economic efficiency but also promotes environmental sustainability by diverting organic waste from landfills, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to a circular bioeconomy. Kitchen waste offers a sustainable and potentially cost-effective alternative to commercial feed, with nutritional content that varies but can provide valuable protein, fat, and fiber. Studies have shown that certain food waste streams can significantly reduce feed costs by replacing expensive grains, oils, and protein meals, with potential cost savings of up to 25% in some cases. Despite these benefits, challenges such as contamination risks, nutrient imbalances, and seasonal variability in waste availability must be addressed through proper management strategies, including composting, fermentation, and drying. With such measures, the full potential of kitchen waste as an alternative feed source can be harnessed to promote environment friendly and resource-efficient poultry farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Erum Bughio, Dr Jibran Hussain, Prof. Dr. Ahmed Sultan Jatoi, Abdul Samad Magsi, Muzammil Memon, Muhammad Usama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphometric and Phaneroptic Characteristics of Goat Livestock Guardian Dogs in Southern Ecuador
In southern Ecuador, 73% of the country's goats are raised under extensive production systems, which exposes them to various threats, particularly attacks by predators such as pumas and feral dogs. As a result, farmers have adopted strategies to protect their livestock, including the use of a specific type of guardian dog of creole origin, locally known as the “Ganacho dog.” The objective of this study was to determine the morphometric and phaneroptic characteristics of these livestock guardian dogs. A sample of 60 adult males and females was obtained through field visits across the entire ecosystem. Data were collected on 23 morphometric measurements and 10 phaneroptic traits. The results indicate that the Ganacho dog is a medium-sized breed (47.7 ± 5.2 cm in height and 57.1 ± 5.9 cm in body length), ellipometric in body structure, with an average live weight of 18.6 ± 5.1 kg. The breed exhibits excellent thoracic development (thoracic depth: 21.7 ± 2.6 cm; thoracic circumference: 61.7 ± 5.5 cm; chest width: 13.4 ± 2.4 cm) and a dolichocephalic head type. Sexual dimorphism was observed in favor of males (p < 0.05) in terms of thoracic circumference and posterior wrist width. Phaneroptically, these dogs possess short, straight hair lying close to the body. Coat color varied: light brown (32%), black (8%), mixed patterns such as wolfish, tabby, or roan (42%), and spotted (15%). Most animals displayed a calm temperament (70%), a curvilinear fronto-nasal profile with a prominent stop, and pigmented labial mucosa (95%) and nose (truffle) (93%). The majority had brown eyes and exhibited polydactyly (60%), particularly in the forelimbs. Nails were predominantly mixed and pigmented (57%). The ears were typically semi-erect to drooping (92%), and dentition included a pincer bite (57%) and a scissor bite (43%). This study provides a preliminary standard for the Ganacho dog, offering a basis for selection and genetic improvement efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edgar Lenin Aguirre Riofrio, Karen Conde Jaramillo, Galo Perez Gonzalez, Melania Uchuari Pauta, Darwin R. Armijos, Manuel Quezada (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparison of Laying Performance and Egg Characteristics of Nigerian Indigenous and Commercial Hens
This study evaluated the laying performance and egg characteristics of 36 hens over a four-week period, comprising 12 hens each of the naked neck (Na), normal feathered (N), and Isa Brown (IB) strains, which laid 46, 58, and 34 eggs, respectively. One-way ANOVA revealed that Na and N hens consumed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) less feed (1586.11 ± 62.75 g). Notably, N hens exhibited superior feed efficiency for egg mass (24.29 ± 5.30), a higher egg number to 28 days (5.50 ± 0.58), and greater hen-day production (19.05 ± 2.19%). Conversely, IB and Na hens produced eggs with significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better quality traits. Although total egg protein content was similarly high in the indigenous hens (Na and N) compared to IB, eggs from N hens contained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher magnesium levels. Furthermore, eggs from indigenous hens were rated significantly better in terms of mouthfeel than those from IB hens. Overall, the indigenous chickens, particularly the N strain, demonstrated superior performance for most of the evaluated parameters, indicating their potential for enhancing laying performance and egg quality in poultry production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ugwumba C. Isaac, Favour C. Udechukwu , Ogechukwu M. Edeh, Chukwunweike Okonkwo, Chidera N. Onuekwe , Favour A. Ezeja , Dr. Emmanuel U. Ewa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Assessment of Naked Neck Chickens under Different Production Systems
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of Naked Neck chickens in three production systems: free-range, aviary, and open-sided house. A total of 540 Naked Neck chickens (25 weeks of age; 1400 ± 20 g body weight) were equally divided into three treatment groups, with six replicates of 30 birds each, following a Completely Randomized Design. In each production system, 60 birds per house were placed, with two replicates per house comprising 30 birds each. A litter depth of 2–3 inches (a mixture of rice husk and wheat straw) was spread on the floor as bedding material. Similarly, 30 birds per aviary were placed in each aviary unit. For the free-range system, a total of three houses were used, each with two replicates containing 30 birds per replicate. The effects of different production systems were evaluated on the birds’ productive performance, egg characteristics, and hatching traits. Egg production and egg quality (both internal and external) were observed to be superior in the open-sided house production system compared to the others. However, in terms of hatching traits, the hatchability percentage was significantly higher in birds reared under the free-range production system, followed by the aviary and open-sided house systems. In conclusion, the bird under consideration, the Naked Neck, performed well in all three production systems; however, overall results, except for hatching traits, were better in the open-sided production system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Smile Manzoor, Dr. Shahid Mehmood, Dr. Saima, Arif Hameed Kakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Antibiotics: A Review of Sustainable Strategies and Emerging Alternatives for Poultry Health Management in Modern Farming
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has made it difficult for both people and animals to control disease using antibiotics, which has led to food insecurity, particularly for the chicken business. As a result, it is necessary to create long-term plans for keeping chicken flocks healthy as well as possible, and side-effect-free antibiotic substitutes. The use of probiotics and prebiotics, vaccination and immunostimulants, organic farming, improved hygiene and biosecurity measures, in-ovo-inoculation, feed additives, and nanoparticles are some of the practices that are currently being used to minimise the use of antibiotics and to maintain the optimal health, immunity, gut integrity, and growth performance of birds. However, because of their potential use in replacing antibiotics in poultry, certain new alternatives—such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, enzymes and enzyme-based products, and nanoparticles—are receiving a lot of attention. To preserve chicken health and reduce the need for antibiotics, the study emphasizes the potential of these sustainable practices and new alternatives. This will ultimately aid in the fight against AMR and guarantee the production of safe and reasonably priced poultry protein.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Mateen , Muhammad Arslan, Rabia Fajar Ali , Muhammad Usman, Usman Elahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bovine Somatotropin Administration on Mastitis Incidence and Body Condition Score in Dairy Buffaloes
The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on mastitis incidence and body condition score (BCS) in Nili Ravi buffaloes. In a double-blinded clinical trial, 50 buffaloes (primiparous and multiparous) at + 60 days post-calving were divided into treatment (n = 25) and placebo control (n = 25) groups. The treatment group received ten doses of 500 mg rbST with 14-day intervals, while the control group received a placebo with the same regimen. Data on dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition, mastitis incidence, and body condition score were collected. Repeated measures ANOVA was applied to the weekly averages of milk yield, dry matter intake, and milk composition. Individual incidences of mastitis were recorded throughout the study period. The results revealed that milk production significantly increased in both primiparous and multiparous buffaloes treated with rbST. However, the relative risk of mastitis increased by 3.0 times (95% CI: 1.62-6.88) in the bST-treated group compared to the control, with a 5-fold higher risk of multiple mastitis episodes (95% CI: 1.2–20.6). BCS in primiparous buffaloes was lower in the rbST-treated group, but there was no significant change in BCS dynamics between the rbST and control groups for either primiparous or multiparous buffaloes. These findings suggest that while rbST enhances milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes, its use may compromise animal welfare due to increased mastitis risk.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Asim Tausif , Muhammad Waseem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Proximate Composition and Mineral Profile of Raw Milk from Three Livestock Species
This study investigated the variation in raw milk composition as influenced by species and parity among milking animals. Milk samples from buffalo, cow, and goat were randomly collected from livestock farms across three districts in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Alongside milk sampling, detailed animal-related data, including species and parity, were recorded. The milk samples underwent chemical analysis to determine proximate composition and mineral content. The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all proximate variables, including total solids, fat, solids-not-fat, and crude protein, among the three species, while parity had no significant effect on these variables. Mineral parameters also varied significantly among species. Buffalo milk demonstrated the highest total solids (15.6%), and fat content (5.4%) compared to cattle (12.3% and 4.0%) and goat milk (12.1% and 3.88%), respectively. However, buffalo milk exhibited the lowest potassium content (37.7 ± 11.76) compared to cattle (60.7 ± 8.68) and goat milk (50.6 ± 8.05 mg/25 mL). Sodium levels were statistically similar across species. Calcium content was significantly higher in goat milk (647.5 ± 32.75 mg/25 mL) compared to buffalo (329.9 ± 44.38 mg/25 mL) and cattle milk (447.8 ± 30.41 mg/25 mL). While buffalo milk contained higher concentrations of major nutrients, it exhibited lower macro-mineral levels. These findings highlight the significant compositional variation in milk among species, providing a basis for selecting milk sources based on nutritional and mineral requirements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nishwa Anum , Mushtaq Hussain Lashari , Roshan Riaz, Atiq Ali, Hafiz Saleet Ahmad, Muhammad Naeem Tahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Microbial Load in Fresh and Frozen Broiler Chicken Samples from Lahore
Contaminated chicken meat and its products pose significant hazards to human health. This study was designed to evaluate the quality and microbial safety of fresh and frozen broiler chicken meat samples. A total of 60 samples (30 frozen, obtained from industrially processed sources, and 30 fresh, collected from open vendors) were randomly selected from six locations in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Quality parameters such as pH and color were assessed. The L* value (brightness) was significantly higher in fresh chicken meat (56.64 ± 0.693) compared to frozen meat (44.46 ± 1.456). For a* (red-green coordinate), mean values ranged from 4.6 ± 0.442 to 8.0 ± 0.131 in fresh chicken and 7.6 ± 0.584 to 13.4 ± 0.806 in frozen chicken. Similarly, b* (yellow-blue coordinate) values ranged from 5.6 ± 0.765 to 7.60 ± 0.654 in fresh chicken and 7.2 ± 0.463 to 10.6 ± 0.543 in frozen samples. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in fresh samples, while frozen samples tested negative. Fecal coliforms showed optimal growth in frozen samples, but overgrowth was observed in fresh samples. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was absent in frozen samples but detected in fresh samples from three out of five zones. The total bacterial count in frozen chicken remained within safe limits, whereas fresh samples exceeded acceptable levels. Overall, the study concluded that frozen chicken meat is microbiologically safer and of better quality compared to fresh chicken meat.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Ajmal, Nabila Gulzar, Anum Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Soybean Hulls as Replacement of Energy Concentrates: Effects on Intake, Growth Performance and Selected Blood Metabolites of Male Sahiwal Calves
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing conventional energy sources (corn grain and wheat bran) with soyhulls on the growth performance of Sahiwal calves. Fifteen growing Sahiwal male calves weighing approximately 110 ± 2 kg were selected, blocked by body weight, and randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (5 calves/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of three concentrate diets: control (SH0, without soyhulls), SH18 (soyhulls replacing 30% of conventional energy sources), and SH36 (soyhulls replacing 60% of conventional energy sources). All diets were isonitrogenous with 13.5% crude protein (CP) and were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) comprising 60% concentrate, 32% silage, and 8% Rhodes grass hay on a dry matter basis. Body weight was recorded weekly. Three animals per treatment were selected for an apparent digestibility trial using acid-insoluble ash as a marker. Results indicated a numerical increase in dry matter intake (DMI) with higher soyhull levels. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, DM, and OM increased linearly (p ≤ 0.05) with increasing soyhulls in the diets. Total weight gain was 129 kg for SH0, 128 kg for SH18, and 133 kg for SH36. The average daily gain (ADG) was slightly more in the SH36 group (1.19 kg) than the SH0 group (1.15 kg). Cost per unit gain, blood glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were similar (p > 0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that soyhulls can be an effective alternative energy source to the corn grain and wheat bran, with similar growth performance and cost per unit gain with the additional benefits of greater dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility in male Sahiwal calves.
Copyright (c) 2024 Awais Bin Nisar, Talat Naseer Pasha, Muhammad Afzal Rashid, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Irfan Malik, Zahra Batool Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Summer Cooling Strategies on Post-Summer Cow Welfare: Evaluating Lameness and Behavior
The study aimed to compare the effect of different summer cooling strategies on post-summer lameness prevalence and behavior in Holstein Friesian cows. Twenty-one milking cows were randomly subjected to three different cooling strategies including: 1) a traditional approach (TRD), where cows were continuously cooled using a sprinkler during the daytime; 2) a reduced cooling strategy (2CS), which involved two cooling sessions of one hour each; and 3) increased cooling sessions strategy (4CS), with four cooling sessions daily. Each cooling session lasted for 1 h with a 12 min cycle (3 min water on and 9 min off) with a sprinkler flow rate of 1.25 L/min. The cows' lameness scores, lying behavior, standing behavior, and step counts were assessed during the post-summer period. The results revealed that the 4CS group had lower lameness prevalence compared to the TRD and 2CS groups (p = 0.015). Furthermore, the TRD and 2CS groups exhibited higher lying times and lower standing times during post-summer (p < 0.05), potentially indicating lameness pain and discomfort. Additionally, the step counts were lowest in the TRD group, followed by the 2CS and 4CS groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the continuous sprinkling (TRD) as a cooling strategy during summer showed potential negative consequences on post-summer cow welfare. The study highlights the significant influence of cooling strategies on post-summer cow welfare, emphasizing the need for considering long-term effects beyond the summer season.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdeen Sharfan Ahamed , Musa Bah, Melad Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Photostimulation Age on Egg Quality and Hatching Traits in Japanese Quail
The timing of sexual maturity in birds is crucial for reproductive success and is significantly influenced by light exposure. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age at photostimulation on egg quality and hatching traits in quails. A total of 300 quails (75 males and 225 females) were divided into 15 replicates and randomly assigned to one of three treatments (age at photostimulation: 30, 35, and 40 days). The birds were housed in specially designed cages and received 16 hours of light stimulation at the respective ages. Egg quality and hatching traits were evaluated from the 5th to the 12th week of age. Results showed no significant differences in egg weight, shell thickness, or Haugh unit scores among the different ages of light stimulation. Fertile egg production and hatchability were also not significantly affected by the age of photostimulation. However, significant differences were observed in the occurrence of dead embryos and hatchling weights among the different age groups exposed to light stimulation. Birds stimulated at the 35th day had a lower incidence of dead embryos and higher hatchling weights compared to those stimulated at the 30th and 40th days.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Ali Raza Haider, Jibran Hussain , Abd Ur Rehman, Muhammad Usman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Meat Quality Traits and Blood Biochemistry of Three Chicken Genotypes Reared under Different Production Systems
In the recent modernization, the consumer is becoming choosier regarding the quality and nutritional aspects of meat. A study was planned to evaluate meat quality attributes from different chicken genotypes reared in three different housing systems. For this, 54 female birds (52 weeks old) from 3 different genotypes i.e., two crossbreds [Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck (RNN), Black Australorp × Naked Neck (BNN), and purebred Naked Neck (NN)] reared under three housing systems (Intensive, Semi-Intensive, and Free-range) were slaughtered and subjected to nutritive, qualitative and sensory evaluation. Significant differences among genotypes, housing systems, and their interactions were observed regarding carcass yield, breast, wings, drumsticks, neck, ribs, and back weight. Regarding sensory evaluation, significant variations were observed among genotypes, housing systems, and their interaction except for juiciness. In terms of proximate analysis, significant differences were observed regarding moisture, dry matter, ash, and ether extract among different genotypes, housing systems, and their interactions. Regarding blood biochemistry, birds reared under the intensive housing system had the higher glucose values whereas albumen and globulin was higher in semi-intensive reared bird; BNN showed higher cholesterol levels among genotypes. In conclusion, carcass traits, meat proximate, and mineral composition were affected by genotypes and housing systems.
Chicken genotype; Carcass traits; Proximate analysis; Mineral composition; Sensory evaluation
Copyright (c) 2024 Zeeshan Riaz, Jibran Hussain, Muhammad Usman, Hafiz Rao Abdul Latif , Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Season, Age, and Sex on Prevalence of Tick-Borne Diseases in Goats
The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of tick-borne diseases among different goat breeds in relation to season, sex, and age at the Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 960 blood smears from apparently healthy animals were screened for haemoprotozoan infestations using Giemsa's staining technique and observed under an oil immersion lens (100X). The overall prevalence was 7.81%, with 4.68%, 2.18%, and 0.93% of theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis, respectively, recorded on examination of blood smears. The prevalence of theileriosis was significantly higher in summer (7.08%), followed by autumn, spring, and winter at 4.58%, 4.16%, and 2.91%, respectively. However, no significant seasonal influence was observed on the prevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Analysis of age groups revealed a significantly higher prevalence of tick-borne diseases in young stock (11.56%) compared to adults (7.81%) and sucklers (4.06%). There was no significant influence observed regarding the occurrence of these diseases based on sex and breed. The study suggests that these diseases were more prevalent during summer, and young stock goats were more susceptible to haemoprotozoan diseases than adults and sucklers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Irem Anwar, Muhammad Sheraz Anwar , Muhammad Yousaf, Tabassum Munir, Muhammad Umer Iqbal, Maqsood Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Body Condition Score at Calving on Reproductive Performance in Nili Ravi Buffaloes
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at calving on post-calving reproductive performance in Nili Ravi buffaloes. The study was conducted at the Livestock Experiment Station, Hasalpur, Pakistan. Thirty-six buffaloes were selected approximately 40 days before the expected date of calving and randomly divided into three study groups (12 buffaloes/group) based on their BCS. The BCS was assigned on a scale of 1–5 with 0.25 increment and the BCS groups were categorized as; 1) low, buffaloes with BCS ≤ 3.0; 2) medium, buffaloes with BCS 3.25 to 3.5; and 3) high, buffaloes with BCS ≥ 3.75. The feeding allowance was given according to the requirements of individual animals to maintain their BCS till calving. Post-calving feeding was done according to their production level. The enrolled buffaloes were followed till 300 d of lactation. The results revealed that the body condition score (BCS) at calving significantly influenced reproductive performance in buffaloes. Buffaloes in the medium BCS group had 101 fewer days to first estrus, 1.5 fewer services per conception, and 87 fewer days open compared to the low BCS group (p < 0.05). However, the performance of the medium BCS group was only numerically better compared to the high BCS group for these reproductive measures (p > 0.05). The results suggested better reproductive performance in buffaloes with a medium BCS at calving (3.25-3.5) compared to those with low and high BCS.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sayyad Hussain Magsi, Nisar Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Tannic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrients Digestibility, and Blood Metabolite in Lohi Male Lambs
The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of tannic acid supplementation on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and blood urea nitrogen in the Lohi male lambs. Fifteen animals with an average age of 9-10 months and live body weight of 26.4 ± 0.52 kg were selected randomly. Three total mixed rations (TA0, TA4, TA8) having tannic acid 0, 4 g and 8 g/animal/day, respectively were given to the lambs (n = 5/treatment) for a period of 60 days under a Completely Randomized Design. Data regarding dry matter intake, body weight gain, nutrients digestibility, feed efficiency and blood urea nitrogen were collected. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed among the treatments in dry matter intake, body weight gain, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and feed efficiency. The blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly lower (17.0 mg/dL) in the TA8 treatment group compared to the TA0 group (22.1 mg/dL; SE = 1.3), indicating the protein bypass characteristic of tannic acid. It was concluded that supplementation of tannin may not have appreciable effects on growth performance and digestibility of the nutrients in lambs, but bypass value of protein was increased.
Copyright (c) 2024 Umar Zulfiqar, Saeed Ahmed, Nisar Ahmad , Faisal Shahzad, Muhammad Qasim Javed, Umair Younas , Irfan Irshad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Frontiers of Animal Agriculture: Welcome to Insights in Animal Science - Empowering Knowledge exchange
As the Editor-in-Chief, I am thrilled to introduce this new platform dedicated to advancing the field of animal science through rigorous research and innovative ideas. This editorial examines the indispensable contributions of animal agriculture to human societies worldwide, highlighting their crucial role in ensuring the well-being and resilience of communities. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for better knowledge exchange for sustainable animal production, underscoring the importance of a new journal "Insights in Animal Science" to facilitate the dissemination of research and advancements in the field.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Qamer Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0